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\ O Biomarker (fluid) Study type (country) Model (n) Leptospira diagnosis Results Authors ROS (blood) Cohort (Brazil) Human (n = 12)' MAT ≥ 1:800, seroconversion, or ELISA_ Neither ROS or GSH showed significant differences in leptospirosis patients with or without AKIJ Araújo et al. 201440 GSH (blood) Angpt-2 (blood) Retrospective cohort (Germany) Human (n = 13) Confirmed cases registered Blood Angpt-2, ADMA and SDMA showed significantly elevated levels in leptospirosis cases with AKI than in leptospirosis cases without AKII Lukasz et al. 201447 ADMA (blood) SDMA (blood) NGAL (blood) Human (n = 77) MAT ≥ 1:800 or seroconversion7 Blood NGAL showed no correlation with creatinine levelsK Libório et al. 201522 Syndecan-1 (blood)h Both Syndecan-1 and ICAM-1 correlated with the presence of leptospirosis, Syndecam-1 associated with AKI ICAM-1 (blood) KIM-1/Cr (urine)% Population survey and cohort (Taiwan) Human (n = 88) MAT Urinary KIM1/Cr ratio is higher in cases with MAT titer above 400. Urinary and Blood NGAL and Blood MCP-1 showed no difference between groups.G Yang et al. 201521 NGAL (urine)
MCP-1 (blood) Cohort (Thailand) Human (n = 206) Mat ≥ 1:100, culture, or PCRa Both blood and urine NGAL levels were related with AKI in patients with and without leptospirosisK Srisawat et al. 201515 Defensin α1 (urine) Comparative study (Philippines) Human (n = 135) MAT, ELISA, PCR} Levels of Defensin α1, NGAL and NAG were adjusted using creatine, with significant differences in the levels of NGAL and NAGQ Chagan-Yasutan et al. 201623 NAG (urine) IL18 (urine)0 Comparative study with nested cohort (Nicaragua) Human (n = 489) Mat ≥ 1:100 or PCR In cohort subjects seropositive after a period with increased risk of exposure had higher levels of NGAL and NAG. All three biomarkers were higher in seropositive subjects.K Riefkohl et al. 201720 Human (n = 142) Blood levels of FL-OPN and FL-Gal-9 were higher in leptospirosis patients in urine samples NAG/Cr levels had the greatest ability to discriminate leptospirosis patients from healthy controlsQ Chagan-Yasutan et al. 202024 FL-OPN (urine) FL-Gal-9 (blood) FL-Gal-9 (urine) Cohort (Italy)
Dog (n = 206)) Mat ≥ 1:800, MAT seroconversion, or PCR] Urinary NGAL did not differ in AKI dogs with leptospirosis and AKI dogs without leptospirosisJ Zamagni et al. 202019
KIM-1 (urine) Comparative study (Brazil) Dog (n = 30) PCR, culture, or Mat ≥ 1:800O There were statistically significant differences in the levels or urinary KIM-1G Dias et al. 202129 Comparative study (Sri Lanka) Human (n = 170) Positive MAT, PCR, or culture] Levels of both blood and urine KIM-1 and MCP-1 were higher in leptospirosis patients with AKIL Nisansala et al. 202128
KIM-1 (blood)
MCP-1 (urine)
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